# Java Notes

# Constructors

When you create a new instance (a new object) of a class using the `new` keyword, a constructor for that class is called. Constructors are used to initialize the instance variables (fields) of an object. Constructors are similar to methods, but with some important differences.

- Constructor name is class name. A constructors must have the same name as the class its in.
- Default constructor. If you don't define a constructor for a class, a default parameterless constructor is automatically created by the compiler. The default constructor calls the default parent constructor (super()) and initializes all instance variables to default value (zero for numeric types, null for object references, and false for booleans).
- Default constructor is created only if there are no constructors. If you define any constructor for your class, no default constructor is automatically created.
- Differences between methods and constructors.
  - There is no return type given in a constructor signature (header). The value is this object itself so there is no need to indicate a return value.
  - There is no return statement in the body of the constructor.
  - The first line of a constructor must either be a call on another constructor in the same class (using `this`), or a call on the superclass constructor (using `super`). If the first line is neither of these, the compiler automatically inserts a call to the parameterless super class constructor.

  These differences in syntax between a constructor and method are sometimes hard to see when looking at the source. It would have been better to have had a keyword to clearly mark constructors as some languages do.

- `this(...)` - Calls another constructor in same class. Often a constructor with few parameters will call a constructor with more parameters, giving default values for the missing parameters. Use `this` to call other constructors in the same class.
- `super(...)`. Use `super` to call a constructor in a parent class. Calling the constructor for the superclass must be the first statement in the body of a constructor. If you are satisfied with the default constructor in the superclass, there is no need to make a call to it because it will be supplied automatically.

## Example of explicit `this` constructor call

    public class Point {
        int m_x;
        int m_y;

        //============ Constructor
        public Point(int x, int y) {
            m_x = x;
            m_y = y;
        }

        //============ Parameterless default constructor
        public Point() {
            this(0, 0);  // Calls other constructor.
        }
        . . .
    }

## `super(...)` - The superclass (parent) constructor

An object has the fields of its own class plus all fields of its parent class, grandparent class, all the way up to the root class `Object`. It's necessary to initialize all fields, therefore all constructors must be called! The Java compiler automatically inserts the necessary constructor calls in the process of constructor chaining, or you can do it explicitly.

The Java compiler inserts a call to the parent constructor (`super`) if you don't have a constructor call as the first statement of you constructor. The following is the equivalent of the constuctor above.

        //============ Constructor (same as in above example)
        public Point(int x, int y) {
            super();  // Automatically done if you don't call constructor here.
            m_x = x;
            m_y = y;
        }

## Why you might want to call `super` explicitly

Normally, you won't need to call the constructor for your parent class because it's automatically generated, but there are two cases where this is necessary.

1. You want to call a parent constructor which has parameters (the automatically generated `super` constructor call has no parameters).
2. There is no parameterless parent constructor because only constructors with parameters are defined in the parent class.