# Java Notes

# Random numbers - API

Two classes. Java provides the `Math.random()` method as well as the `java.util.Random` class. The methods of the `Random` class often produce random numbers in a more convenient form, but requires creating an object, which sometimes is inconvenient. In constrast, the `Math.random()` method produces a double value which must sometimes be translated and cast into the form you need it. It's a tradeoff between the globalness of `Math.random` more directly useful numbers from the `Random` class.

## java.util.Random class

To use the Random class create an object of this class (giving a seed to the constructor if you wish), then call one of the methods below to get a new random number. You must use one of the following import statements:

       import java.util.Random; // Only the Random class
       import java.util.*;      // All classes in the java.util package

### Random constructors

       Random r = new Random();          // Default seed comes from system time.
       Random r = new Random(long seed); // For reproducible testing

### Random methods

The most common methods are those which return a random number. These methods return a uniform distribution of values, except `nextGaussian()`. In these examples, x is a Random object.

Return type | Call | Description
--- | --- | ---
`int i =` | `r.nextInt(int n)` | Returns random int >= 0 and < n
`int i =` | `r.nextInt()` | Returns random int (full range)
`long l =` | `r.nextLong()` | Returns random long (full range)
`float f =` | `r.nextFloat()` | Returns random float >= 0.0 and < 1.0
`double d =` | `r.nextDouble()` | Returns random double >=0.0 and < 1.0
`boolean b =` | `r.nextBoolean()` | Returns random double (true or false)
`double d =` | `xrnextGaussian()` | Returns random number with mean 0.0 and standard deviation 1.0

### Example: Generating a random Color

To create any color with values for red, green, and blue (the RGB system) between 0-255:

    Random r = new Random();
    Color  c = new Color(r.nextInt(256), r.nextInt(256), r.nextInt(256));

Although the three calls to `nextInt(256)` look the same, each returns an independent random number.

### Example: Generating a number from 1 to 6

Because `nextInt(6)` returns a number from 0-5, it's necessary to add 1 to scale the number into the range 1-6,

    static Random randGen = new Random();
    int spots;
    . . .
    spots = randGen.nextInt(6) + 1;

## Math.random() method

The `Math.random()` method returns random double numbers in the range >=0.0 to <1.0 . It returns the same result as the `Random nextDouble()` method (see below).

    double x;
    x = Math.random(); // assigns random number to x

Usually the range 0.0...0.999999+ isn't what is desired so it's necessary to scale the range by multiplying and translate the values by addition. Finally, an int is commonly desired, so casting is required.

For example, if you need an int int the range 1 to 10, the following code could be used.

    int n = (int)(10.0 * Math.random()) + 1;

The multiplication scales the range to 0.0 to 9.9999+, casting it to int to gets it into the integer range 0 to 9 (truncation, not rounding), then addition of 1 translates it into the range 1 to 10.

The `java.util.Random` class has convenient methods which do this extra work for you, but you have to create a Random object and make sure it's accessible where you need it (sometimes awkward).

## Related pages

- Random numbers - intro
- Random Numbers - shuffling